Which clinical presentations are typically associated with transposition of the great arteries?

Transposition of the great arteries (TGA) is a congenital heart defect where the positions of the aorta and the pulmonary artery are switched. This condition often presents in conjunction with other cardiac anomalies to allow for adequate mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood. One of the more common accompanying defects is a ventricular septal defect (VSD), which provides a pathway for blood mixing, improving systemic oxygenation. Pulmonary stenosis can also be present in some cases, as the altered hemodynamics may lead to differential pressures in the right ventricle. Additionally, aortic valve regurgitation can occur as a secondary complication.

Considering this, the presence of VSD, along with pulmonary stenosis and potentially aortic valve regurgitation, reflects the common variations seen in patients with TGA. These associated conditions contribute to the clinical presentations and symptomatic manifestations in these patients, such as cyanosis, heart failure, and differences in pulsations depending on which ventricle is dominant.

In contrast, the other answer choices do not accurately represent the typical associated conditions of TGA. Isolated atrial septal defect (ASD) and ventricular septal defect (VSD) are more commonly seen in different congenital heart anomalies than in T